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Andrew A. Humphreys
Andrew Atkinson Humphreys (November 2, 1810 – December 27, 1883), was a career United States Army officer, civil engineer, and a Union General in the American Civil War. He served in senior positions in the Army of the Potomac, including division command, chief of staff, and corps command, and was Chief Engineer of the U.S. Army.
==Early life==
Andrew Atkinson Humphreys was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a family with Quaker ancestry. His grandfather, Joshua, was the “Father of the American Navy,” who had served as chief naval constructor from 1794-1801 and designed the first U.S. warship, including the USS ''Constitution'' (“Old Ironsides”) and her sister ships. Andrew’s father, Samuel designed and built the USS Pennsylvania, the largest and most heavily armed ship at the time. Samuel, like his father, was a chief naval constructor from 1826-1846.〔Pearcy, 197.〕 Andrew graduated from Nazareth Hall (predecessor to the present day Moravian College & Theological Seminary).Thereafter entering the United States Military Academy, more commonly known as West Point, at the age of seventeen. He graduated from the Academy on July 1, 1831. Upon graduation Humphreys joined the second artillery regiment at Fort Moultrie in South Carolina. Near the beginning of the Seminole Wars he followed his regiment in the summer of 1836 to Florida where he received his first combat experience, while also falling ill, having to leave by September.〔Pearcy, 197.〕 de Peyster, who rose to brevet major general for the New York Volunteer Army during the Civil War and later Civil War historian says:
After being reinstated in the engineer corps in 1844 Humphreys was put in charge of the Central Office of the Coast Survey at Washington and appointed to Captain in 1848. During 1850 he was directed to commence surveys and investigate the Mississippi River Delta. Investigating the Mississippi River occurred in order to figure out what could prevent inundation and increase the depth of water on the bars. This work would take up ten years of Humphreys’ life, in which he would visit Europe.〔Harper's Weekly, 26.〕 From 1853-1857 he also worked on the Pacific Railroad Surveys with Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis. Humphreys along with 100 plus men (soldiers, scientist and technicians) went into the west to find the most practical route for the First Transcontinental Railroad to be built upon. At the time right before the Civil War Humphreys was ranked among the upper echelon of American Scientist and gained membership to the American Philosophical Society.〔Pearcy, 198.〕
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